Bilevel programming, a tool for modeling decentralized decision problem, consists of the objective of the leader at its first level and that of the follower at the second level. Bilevel programming has been proved to be an Np-hard problem. Numerous algorithms have been developed for solving bilevel programming problems. These algorithms lack the required efficiency for solving a real problem. In this paper, attempts have been made to develop an algorithm based Simulated Annealing (SA) Approach. This algorithm is efficient enough to find a near optimal solution. The proposed method is compared with the one developed by Mathieu et al [1] through application of both to a number of different problems.  

Sewage sludge treatment has become a primary subject in wastewater treatment and energy production. This paper aims to study the feasibility of power generation by incineration from sewage sludge enriched with impurities like heavy metals. For this purpose, we chose Arak wastewater treatment plant (AWWTP) and used calorific bomb test for examination. The experimental results showed that the heating values of sewage sludge are much less than the predicted records. This relates to the heavy metal and impurities content of sludge. These totally involved 5 to 18% of dried biomass. Therefore, we modified the predicting equation of heating value with respect to both water and impurities content of excess sludge. Finally, regarding the sludge characteristics of AWWTP, an annealing hierarchy programming (AHP) was used to find optimal technologies for dewatering and sludge minimization. Here, 21 criteria are classified in three main categories to rank the technologies regarding their costs, risks and performance. By all these means, a practical solution is introduced for optimal sludge management.

The aim of this study was to develop an optimal sustainable forest plantation based on goal programming and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. This study was carried out in Guilan province, north of Iran. First of all, the ecological capability of the study area for plantation establishment/maintenance was evaluated based on multi-factor method and specific ecological Makhdoum Model by means of GIS tools.Then goal programming approach as a multi criteria optimization technique was used for optimization.Therefore, ecological, economic and social aims were considered. Carbon sequestration was chosen as an ecological criterion. To estimate the total aboveground biomass and carbon content stem volume, stem biomass and crown biomass were measured using allometric equations. The net present value was also calculated using stumpage price, harvesting cost, consumer price index, annual growth, interest rate and optimal rotating. Estimated required labour for different plantation items were obtained from data base of Iranian Forests Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization. In order to achieve all purposes simultaneously, the goal programming technique was applied. Results indicated that using mathematical modeling provided a more logical set of consequences compared to using ecological modeling. The ability to change the weighting of the variables in the mathematical equations enabled decision makers to choose the optimal solution. Final results indicated that the appropriate plantation area for each species are as follow: Acer velutinum (810 ha), Alnus subcordata (348 ha), Pinus taeda (235 ha), Tilia begonifolia (165 ha), Quercus castanifolia(149 ha), Pinus nigra (110 ha) and Fraxinus excelsior (0 ha).

Because the issue of cyber attacks has not yet been taken seriously by offshore organizations and companies, and in light of the threats that cyber attacks may pose to the offshore industry, the present study will identify and manage these risks. Cyber security deals in this area. This research is a descriptive survey and it is an applied research in terms of purpose. 64 staff of ports, offshore companies, maritime organizations and classification society responded to the survey questionnaire. The analysis of questions was done at the identification stage using T-test and prioritizing the factors using hierarchical techniques. The result of hierarchical technique shows that there is a possibility of a cyber attack in 12 cases the company authorization to the ship captain; the inspection of the classification society; the information recorded in the shipping company; the financial transactions of the shipping company; the access to the company and port security cameras; the information and records of the ship's crew; cargo tracking; cargo Discharge and Loading Equipment; Port Communication Systems, Communication and Ship Navigation Systems. Risk of cyber attack on the ship's navigation system with a weight of 0.23 was the most important and Risk of cyber attack on the website of classification society with a weight of 0.137 was the least important.

Grading of agricultural products, especially fruits and vegetables, improves packaging, transportation and marketing processes, reduces losses, and leads to an added value of the product. It is therefore important that the appropriate technology is adopted for this purpose. In this study, performance of four onion sorting mechanism, namely sieving screen, fixed divergent rollers, expandable rollers with plate spacer and expandable roller with roller spacer were compared by both Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP). 8 main criteria including proper grouping of onions, machine capacity, mechanical damages, machine portability, member of outlet groups, adjustment of outlet group size range, initial price and after-sales services were considered for determining the priority of onion sorters. The results showed that among the 8 main criteria, the highest and lowest weights were allocated to mechanical damage and initial price, respectively. According to the results of the integration of different criteria and options, Both methods showing the same order determined that the expandable rollers with plate spacer with 0. 317 (AHP) and 0. 412 (FAHP) have the highest weight following by expandable roller with roller spacer with 0. 315 (AHP) and 0. 291 (FAHP), sieving screen with 0. 218 (AHP) and 0. 189 (FAHP) and fixed divergent rollers with 0. 150 (AHP) and 0. 106 (FAHP) respectively. In this way, expandable rollers with plate spacer, expandable roller with roller spacer, sieving screen and fixed divergent rollers were selected as the priority. These results showed that FAHP eliminating weak probabilities improved the decision-making ability.

Structural operations in watersheds, particularly check dams cost a lot. Therefore, it is important to evaluate their performance. To evaluate the performance of any project, one needs some indicators that can evaluate the overall performance of the project by assessing them. For evaluating of check dams' efficiency, one should evaluate in detail the influencing indicators. Indicators based on behavior of the nature and the efficiency of implemented measures. The purpose of this research is providing scientific and precise criteria for assessing overall efficiency of check dams and evaluating some series of check dams in Chaharmahal and Bkhtiary streams using these criteria. In this work, 12 streams are selected with Gabions and Stone- mortar check dams that are in operation within 1986-2011 and have the most diversity in design, dimensions and catchment conditions. Then, seven Criteria defined that affect group efficiency of check dams or relate to entire network like; spacing of check dams based on compensation gradient, type of check dam, use of existing material, minimal destruction in the site, fixed elevation of channel, coordination of reservoir volume with sediment deposited, and minimal flooded areas. The score of any item in these criteria computed based on introduced formulas. Then, all criteria weighted with paired comparisons questionnaire method. Finally using an optimized model in analytical hierarchy process, all understudy check dams were assessed. Results showed that the criterion" spacing check dams based on compensation gradient" was 0.297, and "type of check dam" was 0.168, have the most effect on group efficiency of check dams. Also, between studied waterways, series of check dams in "Marghmalek" and "Sorkhkooh" despite of their simplicity and being small get the highest scores (80%) and in fact had the best performance.

The resource constraint in the economy, given the different needs of the human being, is the subject of technological advancement that has succeeded in overcoming it. analysis hierarchical approach (AHP) can be used as a tool with mathematical techniques in the formulation of goals. Its features are decision making and selection based on expert judgment. According to the results of this study, the production of saffron as the first priority and the production of grains, livestock production, dry production, the production of horticultural products, the production of bees and, finally, production of qualities were placed in the next priorities of agriculture in Khorasan Razavi province, respectively. This approach has been widely used in various fields and one of the other achievements of the present research is the use of a theoretical methodology that can be used as an introduction to the next steps and the application of this method in various dimensions.

The study aimed to develop a model for effective school in the junior high school. The research has a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population included faculty members of the Education Department, heads and deputies of education organization, principals and educational assistants of schools, teachers and parents of high school students with a degree in education science in the northwest of Iran, that A sample of 217 people were selected purposefully. A researcher-made questionnaire was developed to collect the data using theoretical foundations and After confirmation of its face and content validity in quantitative, the questionnaire reliability was obtained (α = 0. 970). Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. The results showed that the factor analysis model of 16 effective school components based on components and in prioritizing the components based on confirmatory factor analysis, decision making with the estimated standard coefficient of 0. 931 was the most effective and the component of monitoring, evaluation and providing feedback with an estimated standard coefficient of 0. 603 was the least effective. In the second step, the weight of each of the components and Sub-components were calculated by analyzing the hierarchy using Excel, and the incompatibility coefficient was calculated using MATLAB and The linear model of effective schools was obtained based on the impact factor and the significance coefficient. The results showed that the prioritization of components changed by applying their significance and in the final prioritization, the effective teacher (0. 148) had the first rank and the latency (0. 126) the last rank.